## Getting started

I happened to have lots of plots to do with slight variations, so I made a function to make my life easier.

This function, in particular, serves to compare 2 or more experimental groups (although it will still plot with 1 group). We use violin plots instead of bar plots because they provide more information for the same space (precisely, the distribution density/frequency of responses, which allows you to visually estimate normality, skewness, and kurtosis).

Let’s first load the demo data. This data set comes with base R (meaning you have it too and can directly type this command into your R console).

data("ToothGrowth")
head(ToothGrowth)
##    len supp dose
## 1  4.2   VC  0.5
## 2 11.5   VC  0.5
## 3  7.3   VC  0.5
## 4  5.8   VC  0.5
## 5  6.4   VC  0.5
## 6 10.0   VC  0.5

Load the rempsyc package:

library(rempsyc)

Note: If you haven’t installed this package yet, you will need to install it via the following command: devtools::install_github("rempsyc/rempsyc"). Package devtools is necessary for this command. If you haven’t installed devtools yet, install it via install.packages("devtools").

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len")

Dots  = Means
Error bars = 95% bootstrapped confidence Intervals (2000 replications)
Width = Distribution Density (Frequency)

### Basic idea

This is cool because it gives you a 95% bootstrapped confidence interval (with 2000 bootstraps), as shown by the error bars. Bootstrapping is a non-parametric technique, meaning that it does not need to respect the classical parametric assumptions (normality, homoscedasticity, etc.). In this case it’s just a nice alternative way to look at your data.

Note: bootstrapping requires a number of bootstraps equal or higher than your number of observations (rows). Because people sometimes work with big datasets, I’ve added an option to specify a specific number of bootstraps with the option bootstraps = 2000 (change default to your desired value). But because I’ve recently had to work with a very large data set (7 million observations), it was impractical to do 7 million bootstraps (that would have been a very, very long operation), so I also added an option to turn bootstrapping off completely and just use a regular confidence interval instead; just add boot = FALSE as one of the argument.

### Save a high-resolution image file to specified directory
ggsave('nice_violinplothere.tiff', width = 7, height = 7, unit = 'in', dpi = 300,
path = "D:/R treasures/")
# Change the path to where you would like to save it.
# If you copy-paste your path name, remember to use "R" slashes ('/' rather than '\').
# Also remember to specify the .tiff extension of the file.

Pro tip: Change .tiff for .pdf or .eps for scalable vector graphics for high-resolution submissions to scientific journals!

## Customization

### Change x- and y- axes labels

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
ytitle = "Length of Tooth",
xtitle = "Vitamin C Dosage")

### See difference between two groups

To see if two groups are statistically significantly different.

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
comp1 = "0.5",
comp2 = "2")

### See difference between two other groups

You can also select groups based on their position on the x-axis (notice no quotes this time).

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
comp1 = 2,
comp2 = 3)

### Compare all three groups

What if you want to look at all three groups at the same time? Unfortunately, the underlying package we use, ggsignif, does not allow the comparison of more than one group at once. So we need to tweak this manually instead. (Note that we can also use this technique when the significance computed with ggsignif does not correspond to the number of stars we want to use, for example if we use a different p-value or not a t-test.)

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
signif_annotation = c("*","**","***"), # manually enter the number of stars
signif_yposition = c(30,35,40), # What height (y) should the stars appear?
signif_xmin = c(1,2,1), # Where should the left-sided brackets start (x)?
signif_xmax = c(2,3,3)) # Where should the right-sided brackets end (x)?

### Include effect size (Cohen’s d)

nice_violin(data = mtcars,
group = "am",
response = "mpg",
comp1 = 1,
comp2 = 2,
has.d = TRUE)

### Set the colours manually

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
colours = c("darkseagreen","cadetblue","darkslateblue"))

### Changing the names of the x-axis labels

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
xlabels = c("Low", "Medium", "High"))

### Removing the x-axis or y-axis titles

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
ytitle = NULL,
xtitle = NULL)

### Removing the x-axis or y-axis labels (for whatever purpose)

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
has.ylabels = FALSE,
has.xlabels = FALSE)

### Set y-scale manually

nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "dose",
response = "len",
ymin = 5,
ymax = 35,
yby = 5)

ToothGrowth$six.groups <- sample(1:6, 60, replace=T) nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth, group = "six.groups", response = "len") Pro tip: Save figure with greater width when you have more groups! ### Plotting individual observations nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth, group = "dose", response = "len", obs = TRUE) ### Micro-Customizations It is also possible to do several minor adjustments: (a) adjust the width of the caps (legs) of the confidence intervals with the CIcap.width argument (set it to 0 to get rid of them); (b) define the level of transparency with the alpha argument (1 is no transparency), (c) define the colour of the violins’ borders with the border.colour argument (default is white which is the equivalent of no borders). nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth, group = "dose", response = "len", CIcap.width = 0, alpha = .70, border.colour = "white", border.size = 1) ### Putting it all together If you’d like to see all available options at once (a bit long): nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth, group = "dose", response = "len", ytitle = "Length of Tooth", xtitle = "Vitamin C Dosage", colours = c("darkseagreen", "cadetblue", "darkslateblue"), has.ylabels = TRUE, has.xlabels = TRUE, xlabels = c("Low", "Medium", "High"), ymin = 0, ymax = 45, yby = 15, signif_annotation = c("*","NS","***"), signif_yposition = c(30,36,41), signif_xmin = c(1,2,1), signif_xmax = c(2,3,3), CIcap.width = 0, alpha = 0.5, border.colour = "black", border.size = 1, obs = TRUE, has.d = TRUE, d.x = 1.7, d.y = 20) ## Special situation: Add other plot elements The good thing about this function is that it outputs a ggplot object, which you can continue to use to build on your plot and customize it further. For instance, I recently wanted to add mean and sample size as annotations for each group (where I had group sample sizes ranging from 100 to 35,000, so it was important to know which groups were more representative). For the demonstration, let’s just build the same multiple-groups plot we did earlier. # Create our group variable: ToothGrowth$groups <- factor(sample(1:6,60, replace=T))

# Make the plot and save it to object "p"
p <- nice_violin(data = ToothGrowth,
group = "groups",
response = "len",
border.size = 1)

Then what I did is that I simply added conventional ggplot code to my plot object. (But first I had to compute the statistics we were going to be using:)

# Compute basic statistics and save to object
library(psych) # Install the psych package if you don't already have it
statsSummary <- describeBy(x = ToothGrowth$len, group = ToothGrowth$groups, mat = TRUE)

x=1:length(levels(ToothGrowth$groups)), # Specifies annotations is for all groups/x-axis ticks y=statsSummary$mean+2, # Puts mean at mean value on the y-axis (adds 2)
label=paste0("m=", round(statsSummary$mean,2))) + # That prints the mean on the plot annotate(geom="text", # (Second annotation adds the sample size) x=1:length(levels(ToothGrowth$groups)),
y=statsSummary$mean-2, # Puts sample size at mean value on the y-axis (substracts 2) label=paste0("n=", round(statsSummary$n,2))) # That prints the sample size on the plot